Current Projects

Research map visualization Research results figure

I'm currently working on several projects simultaneously. First, I'm analyzing data from the Gen Z health behavior survey—a cross-sectional study collected from four ideal typical regions in China proper. The survey examines substance use and addiction, particularly electronic cigarettes, in the context of youth stress in an increasingly atomized society. My team focuses on how different forms of family capital (economic, cultural, and social) generate stress processes for adolescents and young adults. 

Second, I've compiled province-level administrative data from 2000 to 2023 using multiple sources to investigate spatial and temporal variation in sexually transmitted infections across mainland China. The data reveals a puzzling pattern: different STI types don't change concomitantly. There's considerable fear that certain risk behaviors or demographics are driving HIV prevalence higher in China. If sexual risk behaviors or intravenous drug use were driving HIV increases in specific provinces, I'd expect corresponding rises in syphilis rates—but that's not what I'm seeing. This suggests unique combinations of context-level risk factors, irreducible to individual behavioral or socioeconomic characteristics, that structurally shape epidemiology. I'm investigating this using theory-driven models alongside machine learning. 

My third research vein examines culture and race/ethnicity in East Asia. With my graduate students, I'm studying how ethnic context affects health and demographic outcomes. I define ethnic context broadly—not just ethnicity itself, but communal culture, since newer nation states often lump heterogeneous groups under the same official label. Using innovative data on the spatial distribution of people and events, I'm analyzing clustering and distance between populations and cultures. These datasets, some harmonized across East Asian regions and countries, allow me to examine how being "fit in" or "left out" of mainstream culture affects health.

Representative Publications

Book Chapters

Book cover: Xiaozhao Yousef Yang publication
Chapter 5: The Chinese Civilization Originated on the Southwest Silkroad

This chapter explores the significance of the Southwest Silk Road in shaping Chinese civilization by examining paleo-archaeological, genetic, historical, and linguistic evidence. The Southwest Silk Road, connecting East Asia and Western Eurasia through Bangladesh and northeastern India, played a crucial role in the formation of Chinese civilization. Genetic analysis reveals migration routes of dominant Y-chromosome haplogroups (O, N, C, D) overlapping the Silk Road, with O-M134 becoming ancestors of proto-Sino-Tibetan speakers. Bangladesh likely served as a significant station for undifferentiated NO haplogroup members. With linguistic evidence, I also challenge the northern origin hypothesis, which placed the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan family in the middle Yellow River or Central Plain. Instead, I argue that early Sinitic speakers were highland pastoralists inhabiting the northern range of the Southwest Silk Road, specifically western Sichuan/eastern Tibetan Plateau. Ancient Bangladesh region, situated on the Silk Road's western range, significantly contributed to proto-Sino-Tibetan populations and the emergence of Chinese civilization.

Book cover: Xiaozhao Yousef Yang publication
Chapter 2: Epidemiological Transition of Smoking in China

This chapter focuses on trends in smoking prevalence and examines classic models of the smoking transition and their relevance to China. Traditionally these models have been used to explain major shifts in smoking prevalence in richer nations and variations between different population groups. The chapter describes current smoking prevalence in China and how this compares to global patterns, especially those of other transition economies which have undergone substantial political and socio-economic change. This is followed by an outline of the smoking transition model and its main components. In keeping with western research, three main dimensions of prevalence, age/gender, socio-economic status (SES) and ethnicity, are discussed. The final section examines the issue of geographical variations in smoking transitions. Understanding such differences is particularly important in a country as large and diverse as China.

Chapter 5: Geographical Context and Cultural Practices Affecting Smoking

This chapter examines how cultural practices have influenced smoking in China with specific reference to regional and rural contexts. Particular attention is paid to cultural norms and practices and regional cultural differences. Consideration is also given as to why smoking is higher in the countryside and the importance of cultural and socio-economic factors in this context. Finally, given the rapid urbanisation of China, an assessment is made of the impacts of rural-urban migration and the discriminatory hukou system on the smoking behaviour of rural residents in new urban destinations.

Chapter 6 Income Inequality, Urban Development and Smoking

Neoliberal reforms have economically transformed China, increased income inequality and changed the nature of the built environment. This chapter first develops a conceptual framework for examining patterns of intra-urban change and their effects on health behaviour and health outcomes. Using this framework two major themes are addressed: the growth of income inequality and its association with health outcomes and smoking and ways in which the pattern of urban development has affected the social distribution of smoking and increased health inequalities. While the evidence is fragmentary, there is some suggestion that social differences in urban smoking are beginning to conform to those expected from the western diffusion model.

Publications

  1. Xu, C. C., and X. Y. Yang. 2025. “Scenescape and Youth Tobacco Use in China: A Symbolic Study of Expressive and Volatile Scenes.” Health & Place 94:103485.[PDF]
  2. 吴楠, 丁榕, 杨晓照. 2025. “中国在校学生电子烟和香烟使用比较与扩散趋势: 一项横断面研究.” 中国公共卫生 41(10):1182–1187.[PDF]
  3. Yang, X. Y. 2025. “The Chinese Civilization Originated on the Southwest Silkroad.” Pp. 67–90 in Bangladesh–China Connectivity: History, Trade and Diplomacy, and Society. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.[PDF]
  4. Yang, X. Y., and B. C. Kelly. 2024. “I Always Stay at My Friends’ Place: How Peer Association Explains the Link Between Social Deprivation and Methamphetamine Use Intensity.” Journal of Drug Issues 00220426241287125.[PDF]
  5. Yang, X. Y., and S. Schieman. 2024. “Racial Disparities in Death Rates and Death Incidences in Xinjiang: A Study of Multilevel Ecological Mechanisms.” Social Science & Medicine 340:116405.[PDF]
  6. Nian, Q., X. Y. Yang, T. Yang, S. Peng, and J. L. Bottorff. 2024. “Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Women and the Implementation of Tobacco Control Measures on Campus: A Cross-Sectional Study in 50 Universities across China.” Nicotine and Tobacco Research 26(6):685–691.[PDF]
  7. 梁声远, 郭铠文, 杨晓照. 2024. “中国13城市烟草营销密度与青年学生对烟草正面态度和使用的关系分析.” 中国慢性病预防与控制 32(3):183–187.[PDF]
  8. Yang, X. Y., S. Liang, and Y. Lu. 2023. “Ethnic Context and Fertility Differential in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan.” Population, Space and Place 29(6):e2677.[PDF]
  9. Yang, X. Y., and F. Yang. 2023. “Conversion among Chinese Overseas Students in the US: A Choice Model on Individual Characteristics and Organizational Traits.” Religions 14(4):489.[PDF]
  10. Yang, X., and C. Zhang. 2023. “Children’s Health and Typology of Family Integration and Regulation: A Functionalist Analysis.” Children 10(3):494.[PDF]
  11. 杨芳瑛, 徐成哲, 杨晓照. 2023. “从不吸烟大中学生对电子烟的交友作用认知和尝试倾向.” 中国学校卫生 44(8):1156–1159.[PDF]
  12. 梁声远, 郭铠文, 杨晓照. 2023. “中国13城市在校青年电子烟使用行为及其影响因素分析.” 中国公共卫生 39(11):1419–1423.[PDF]
  13. Yang, X. Y., M. C. Vuolo, and D. Wu. 2022. “The Toxic Gift: Reciprocity and Social Capital in Cigarette Exchange in China.” Health Sociology Review 31(3):309–325.[PDF]
  14. Yang, X. Y., B. C. Kelly, M. Pawson, and M. Vuolo. 2022. “Vaping in a Time of Pandemics: Risk Perception and Motivations for Electronic Cigarette Use.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research ntac050.[PDF]
  15. Yang, X. Y., P. Morton, F. Yang, and B. Fang. 2022. “The Moderation Role of Neuroticism for Anxiety among Burdened Dementia Caregivers: A Study on Care Giver-Recipient Dyads.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 65(6):587–605.[PDF]
  16. Yang, X. Y., S. Peng, T. Yang, and R. R. Cottrell. 2021. “Changing Trends of Mental and Behavioral Responses and Associations during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: A Panel Study.” Health Education Research 36(2):151–158. [Editor’s Choice Article][PDF]
  17. Yang, X. Y. 2020. “Class Status and Social Mobility on Tobacco Smoking in Post-Reform China between 1991 and 2011.” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22(12):2188–2195.[PDF]
  18. Yang, X. Y., B. C. Kelly, and T. Yang. 2020. “Peer Association and Routine Activities in Sex Worker Patronage among Male Migrant Workers.” Deviant Behavior 43(3):322–339.[PDF]
  19. Lu, Y., and X. Y. Yang. 2020. “The Two Faces of Diversity: The Relationships between Religious Polarization, Religious Fractionalization, and Self-Rated Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61(1):79–95.[PDF]
  20. Yang, X. Y., and T. Yang. 2020. “Pathways to Buying Sex among Migrant Labors: The Mediatory Role of Family Bonds and Peer Deviance on Social Network Homogeneity.” The Sociological Quarterly 61(4):768–786.[PDF]
  21. Peng, S., X. Y. Yang, and I. R. H. Rockett. 2019. “A Typology of Social Capital and Its Mixed Blessing for Suicidal Ideation: A Multilevel Study of College Students.” Social Science & Medicine 243:112640.[PDF]
  22. Nie, F., and X. Y. Yang. 2019. “Smoking in the Temple of the Holy Spirit? Geographic Location Matters.” Health & Place 58:102139.[PDF]
  23. Yang, X. Y., A. Hu, and S. Schieman. 2019. “Relative Deprivation in Context: How Contextual Status Homogeneity Shapes the Relationship between Disadvantaged Social Status and Health.” Social Science Research 81:157–169.[PDF]
  24. Nie, F., and X. Y. Yang. 2019. “The Moral Community Divide: Underage Marijuana Use across Religious Contexts.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 58(1):153–173.[PDF]
  25. Yang, X. Y., and T. Yang. 2019. “Nativity Homogeneity in Social Networks and Prostitution Patronage among Male Migrant Laborers.” AIDS and Behavior 23(5):1339–1351.[PDF]
  26. Hu, A., and X. Y. Yang. 2018. “Is College Education an Equalizer for Social Disparities in Health Literacy? A Case Study in Shanghai, China.” Global Health Promotion 26(3):62–70.[PDF]
  27. Yang, X. Y., and A. Hendley. 2018. “The Gendered Effects of Substance Use on Employment Stability in Transitional China.” Health Sociology Review 27(3):312–329.[PDF]
  28. Yang, X. Y., and F. Yang. 2018. “Acculturation Versus Cultural Retention: The Interactive Impact of Acculturation and Co-Ethnic Ties on Substance Use among Chinese Students in the United States.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 20(3):546–560.[PDF]
  29. Nie, F., X. Y. Yang, and D. V. Olson. 2018. “Religious Context Matters: Exploring the Relationship between Religious Context and Underage Alcohol Consumption.” Review of Religious Research 60(2):199–222.[PDF]
  30. Yang, X. Y., T. Yang, and F. Nie. 2018. “Air Pollution as a Catalyst for Supporting Tobacco Control Policies? Evidence from a Nationwide Study on Chinese Medical Students.” Tobacco Control 27(5):505–512.[PDF]
  31. Yang, X. Y., A. Hu, and F. Yang. 2018. “Decomposing Immigrants’ Religious Mobility: Structural Shifts and Inter-Religion Exchanges among Chinese Overseas Students.” Review of Religious Research 60(2):183–198.[PDF]
  32. Yang, X. Y., and F. Yang. 2017. “Estimating Religious Populations with the Network Scale-Up Method: A Practical Alternative to Self-Report.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56(4):703–719.[PDF]
  33. Hu, A., X. Y. Yang, and Luo. 2017. “Christian Identification and Self-Reported Depression: Evidence from China.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56(4):765–780.[PDF]
  34. Yang, X. Y., and T. Yang. 2017. “Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use among Adults in Their Late Twenties: The Importance of Social Bonding Trajectories.” Journal of Drug Issues 47(4):665–678.[PDF]
  35. Yang, X. Y. 2017. “Marijuana Use at Early Midlife and the Trajectories of Social Bonds.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 3(3):284–303.[PDF]
  36. Yang, X. Y. 2017. “How Community-Level Social and Economic Developments Have Changed the Patterns of Substance Use in a Transition Economy?” Health & Place 46:91–100.[PDF]
  37. Rockett, I. R. H., S. Jiang, Q. Yang, T. Yang, X. Y. Yang, S. Peng, and L. Yu. 2017. “Prevalence and Regional Correlates of Road Traffic Injury among Chinese Urban Residents: A 21-City Population-Based Study.” Traffic Injury Prevention 18(6):623–630.[PDF]
  38. Yang, T., X. Y. Yang, L. Yu, R. R. Cottrell, and S. Jiang. 2017. “Individual and Regional Association between Socioeconomic Status and Uncertainty Stress, and Life Stress: A Representative Nationwide Study of China.” International Journal for Equity in Health 16(1):118.[PDF]
  39. Yang, T., X. Y. Yang, et al. 2016. “Violent Injuries and Regional Correlates among Women in China: Results from 21-Cities Study in China.” European Journal of Public Health 26(3):513–523.[PDF]
  40. Yang, X. Y. 2016. “Is Social Status Related to Internet Pornography Use? Evidence from the Early 2000s in the United States.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 45(4):997–1009.[PDF]
  41. Yang, X. Y., B. C. Kelly, and T. Yang. 2016. “Together We Have Fun: Native-Place Network and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Chinese Male Rural-Urban Migrants.” Sociology of Health and Illness 38(4):559–575. [Martin Levine Student Paper Award, SAN 2014][PDF]
  42. Yang, T., R. Barnett, I. R. H. Rockett, X. Y. Yang, D. Wu, W. Zheng, and L. Li. 2015. “The Impact of Regional Economic Reliance on the Tobacco Industry on Current Smoking in China.” Health & Place 33:159–171.[PDF]
  43. Wang, H., X. Y. Yang, T. Yang, R. R. Cottrell, L. Yu, X. Feng, and S. Jiang. 2015. “Socioeconomic Inequalities and Mental Stress in Individual and Regional Level: A Twenty-One Cities Study in China.” International Journal for Equity in Health 14(25).[PDF]
  44. Yang, X. Y., B. C. Kelly, and T. Yang. 2014. “The Influence of Self-Exempting Beliefs and Social Networks on Daily Smoking: A Mediation Relationship Explored.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors doi:10.1037/a0037176. [Bruce D. Johnson Award, SSSP 2012][PDF]
  45. Kelly, B. C., T. Liu, X. Y. Yang, G. Zhang, W. Hao, and J. Wang. 2014. “Perceived Risk of Methamphetamine among Chinese Methamphetamine Users.” International Journal of Drug Policy 25(6):1076–1083.[PDF]
  46. Yang, X. Y., J. G. Anderson, and T. Yang. 2014. “Impact of Role Models and Policy Exposure on Support for Tobacco Control Policies in Hangzhou, China.” American Journal of Health Behavior 38(2):275–283.[PDF]
  47. Yang, T., R. R. Cottrell, X. Yang, and J. Liu. 2012. “Commercial Sex Worker Use among Male Chinese Rural-Urban Migrants.” American Journal of Health Behavior 36(1):116–123.[PDF]
  48. Yang, T., I. R. Rockett, X. Yang, and X. Xu. 2009. “Patterns and Correlates of Stress among Rural Chinese Males: A Four-Region Study.” Public Health 123(10):694–698.[PDF]
  49. Yang, T., F. Li, X. Yang, Z. Wu, X. Feng, Y. Wang, et al. 2008. “Smoking Patterns and Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Tobacco Use among Chinese Rural Male Residents: A Descriptive Analysis.” BMC Public Health 8(1):248–255.[PDF]